悪性腫瘍23

【臨床症状】80代 USで肝右葉に3cmの腫瘤

【問題】画像所見と診断名は?

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➡ 造影画像(Dynamic+肝細胞相)
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    ▶答えはこちら
    • 肝臓S7に約4.5cm大の腫瘤影を認める
    • T2WIでやや高信号、拡散強調で高信号、ADCで肝臓と等信号
    • またIn-phaseとOpposed-phaseにて一部信号低下を認め、脂肪組織の含有が示唆される
    • 造影(Dynamic)では早期濃染かつwash-out型の濃染パターンを示し、肝細胞相では明確な抜けが確認できる
    • また同じS7に1.5cm大の腫瘤を認め、こちらは単純画像や早期相ではハッキリしないが、肝細胞相に近づくに従って低信号域として確認できる
    • 腹水やリンパ節腫大は認めない
    • 上記より、肝細胞癌2個(低分化~未分化、高分化型)が疑われた
    • その他の所見として、膵頭部、尾部にIPMN(分枝型)疑い

    【肝細胞癌】

    ・肝癌取扱い規約(第5版)では、肝細胞癌は異型度の低い順から、軽度異形結節、高度異形結節、早期肝細胞癌、肝細胞癌(高、中、低分化)と分類されている

    ・low grade DN(dysplastic foci)、high grade DN、early HCC、HCCとも呼ばれる事がある

    ・これらは癌化の過程によって分類されている

    ・肝細胞癌(hepatocellular carcinoma:HCC)は肝動脈支配のhyper vascularな腫瘍で、悪性度が高くなると次第に門脈血流が減少する事が知られており、中、低分化型癌では完全に欠損する

    ・門脈血流が低下し始める時期は、high grade DNのあたり

    ・組織学的には腫瘍内部に正常な動脈、門脈を含む門脈域が残存し、血行動態が肝動脈、門脈が同程度、あるいは門脈優位の灌流を示す肝細胞癌が知られていて、前者を通常型肝細胞癌や古典的肝細胞癌と呼び、後者を早期肝細胞癌と呼ぶ

    ・これらの血行動態から、早期肝細胞癌の画像診断では門脈相、または平衡相で造影低下域として描出される

    ・つまり悪性度が高くなるにつれて腫瘍のwash out効果が高くなる

    ・古典的肝細胞癌(結節型))では、腫瘍内のモザイク状構造と造影後期相でのリング状の造影効果が特徴的な所見

    ・肉眼的には、結節型、塊状型、びまん型に分類される(Eggel分類)

    ・肝細胞癌の脂肪化は3cm以下では半数に認められ、3cm以上では部分的な脂肪化を認める事もある(高分化型の場合)

    ・脈管浸潤(門脈浸潤、肝静脈浸潤)を認める場合は、悪性度が高い事が多い

    ・ウィルス性慢性肝炎や肝硬変がリスクファクター

    ・治療法は外科的治療の他に、TAE:肝動脈塞栓術 transcatheter arterial embolizationや、TACE:肝動脈化学塞栓療法 transcatheter arterial chemoembolization、RFA:ラジオ波焼灼療法 radiofrequency ablationなどがある

    ・これらは肝細胞癌の進行程度や転移の有無によって選択される

    参考書籍:肝胆膵の画像診断 -CT・MRIを中心にー