悪性腫瘍26

【臨床症状】70代 1ヶ月前から下腹部痛

【問題】画像所見と診断名は?

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➡ 冠状断(造影後)
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    ▶答えはこちら
    • 単純画像で膀胱内に広基性の乳頭状の腫瘤影(15mm程度)を認める
    • 早期濃染されるが、後期相での濃染はハッキリしない
    • 尿管口に接する形で局在しているが、画像上は水腎症は認めない
    • また壁外浸潤も認めない
    • 壁外浸潤も無し
    • 上記より膀胱癌(尿路上皮癌)が疑われた
    • その他の所見としては、肝嚢胞のみ
    左から単純、早期相、後期相

    【膀胱癌】

    ・膀胱癌(Bladder cancer)は尿路上皮癌が90%以上で、その他には腺癌や扁平上皮癌、小細胞癌など

    <尿路上皮癌>

    ・男性に多いが、女性の場合は男性よりも予後不良と言われている

    ・喫煙や膀胱家石などの慢性刺激などがリスクファクター

    ・膀胱三角部、頂部が好発部位

    ・癌腫が粘膜下層までに留まれば表在性膀胱癌、筋層浸潤以降になると浸潤性膀胱癌

    ・膀胱癌のほとんど(70~80%程度)が表在性で、多発する事があるが転移は少なく生命予後は良い

    ・表面乳頭状、有茎性腫瘍はほとんどが表在性

    <扁平上皮癌>

    ・扁平上皮癌は慢性感染がリスクファクターのため、女性に多い傾向がある

    ・広基性の腫瘤が多く、局所的、もしくはびまん性膀胱壁肥厚として認める事もある

    ・単発でサイズが大きく、筋層浸潤や膀胱外浸潤を伴う事も多く、予後は悪い

    ・遠隔転移が骨、肺、腸管などに認める傾向がある

    <画像所見>

    ・画像所見は次のようなものがある

    • 乳頭状、または有茎性腫瘍の場合は尿路上皮癌が疑われる
    • MRIが有用で、横断像だけでなく冠状断、矢状断も撮影し、腫瘍基底部の膀胱壁に垂直な断面を撮影する
    • 拡散強調像で病変内部に浮腫状の粘膜下組織を認める事があり(尺取虫サイン:inchworm sign)、表在性を示す所見
    • MRIにおけるDynamicでは、腫瘍基底部の粘膜下層の存在を示すSLE(submucosal linear enhancement)の有無が筋層浸潤の判断材料になる
    • SLEの壁構造の断裂が一部ならT2a、全層に及んでいればT2bと診断する
    • 広基性で不均一な造影効果を見たら扁平上皮癌を疑う
    • 小細胞癌の場合は拡散強調画像で高信号になる傾向がある

    参考書籍:知っておきたい泌尿器のCT・MRI 改定第2版